Fertilizers are classified in various ways. They are classified as providing a single nutrient (for example, K, P, or N), in which case they are classified as “single fertilizer.” “Compound fertilizers” (or “compound fertilizers”) provide two or more nutrients, for example N and P. Fertilizers are also sometimes classified as inorganic (the subject of most articles) versus organic. Inorganic fertilizers exclude carbonaceous materials with the exception of ureas. Organic fertilizers are usually vegetable or animal (recycled) substances. Inorganic fertilizers are sometimes called synthetic fertilizers because of the various chemical treatments required to produce them.
Pure Nutrient Fertilizers (“Pure” Fertilizers)
The most important pure nitrogen-based fertilizer is ammonia or its solutions. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is also widespread. Urea is another popular source of nitrogen with the advantage that, unlike ammonia or ammonium nitrate, it is solid and non-explosive. A small percentage of the market for nitrogenous fertilizers (4% in 2007) was covered by calcium ammonium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2 NH4 · 10 H2O).
The most important pure phosphate fertilizers are superphosphates. “Simple superphosphate” (SSP) consists of 14-18% P2O5, again in the form of Ca(H2PO4)2, but also phosphogypsum (CaSO4 · 2 H2O). Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) is typically 44-48% P2O5 and does not contain gypsum. A mixture of single superphosphate and triple superphosphate is called double superphosphate. Over 90% of a typical superphosphate fertilizer is water soluble.
The most important pure potassium-based fertilizer is potassium chloride (MOP). The potassium salt is 95-99% KCl and is usually available as a 0-0-60 or 0-0-62 fertilizer.
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Compound fertilizer
These fertilizers are widely used. They are made up of two or more nutritional components.
Binary fertilizers (NP, NK, PK).
Large two-component fertilizers provide plants with both nitrogen and phosphorus. These are called NP fertilizers. The main NP fertilizers are monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). The active ingredient in MAP is NH4H2PO4. The active ingredient in DAP is (NH4)2HPO4. About 85% of MAP and DAP fertilizers are water soluble.
NPK fertilizer
NPK fertilizers are three-component fertilizers that provide nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. There are two types of NPK fertilizers: compounds and blends. NPK compound fertilizers contain chemically bound ingredients, while blended NPK fertilizers are physical mixtures of individual nutrient components.
The NPK rating is a rating system that describes the amount of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in a fertilizer. NPK ratings consist of three numbers separated by hyphens (for example, 10-10-10 or 16-4-8) that describe the chemical content of fertilizers. The first number represents the nitrogen content in the product; the second number, P2O5; the third, K2O. Fertilizers don’t actually contain P2O5 or K2O, but the system is a conventional shorthand for the amount of phosphorus (P) or potassium (K) in a fertilizer. A 23 kg bag of fertilizer labeled 16-4-8 contains 8 lbs. (3.6 kg) of nitrogen (16% of 50 lbs.), an amount of phosphorus equivalent to 2 lbs. of P2O5 (4% of 50 lb) and 4 lbs of K2O (8% of 50 lbs). Most fertilizers are labeled according to this N-P-K convention, although the Australian convention, which follows an N-P-K-S system, adds a fourth number for sulfur and uses elemental values for all values, including P and K.
Micronutrients
Micronutrients are consumed in smaller amounts and are present in plant tissues on the order of parts per million (ppm), ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm, or less than 0.04% dry matter. These elements are often required for enzymes that are essential for plant metabolism. Since these elements activate catalysts (enzymes), their effect far exceeds their percentage by weight. Typical micronutrients are boron, zinc, molybdenum, iron, and manganese. These elements are provided as water soluble salts. Iron poses particular problems because it becomes insoluble (bionoavailable) compounds at moderate concentrations of phosphate and soil pH. For this reason, iron is often administered as a chelated complex, e.g. B. EDTA or EDDHA derivatives. The need for micronutrients depends on the plant and the environment. For example, sugar beets and legumes seem to need cobalt, while environmental conditions such as heat.
